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Statement and conclusions

‘Conclusion’ means ‘a fact that can be truly inferred from contents of a given sentence or passage’.

This type of questions consist of a statement/group of statements, followed by certain inferences based on the facts contained in the given statements and we are required to analyse the given statements, understand their indirect implications and then decide Which of the given conclusions follows logically and for sure, from the given statements.

In this type of questions, a statement is given followed by two conclusions and we are required to find out which of these conclusions definitely follows from the given statement and choose the answer accordingly.

Direction (Ex.1 to 4): Each of these has a Statement followed by two conclusions. Mark answers as:

(a) if only conclusion I follows

(b) if only conclusion II follows

(d) if neither I nor II follows.

Ex.1. Statement: Good voice is a natural gift but one has to keep practicing to improve and excel well in the field of music.

Conclusions: I. Natural gifts need nurturing and care. II. Even though your voice is not good, one can keep practicing.

Sol. (a) To achieve excellence continuous practice is needed even if one Is naturally gifted.

Ex.2. Statement: Domestic demand has been increasing faster than the production in indigenous crude oil.

Conclusion: I. Crude oil must be imported. II. Domestic demand should be reduced.

Sol. (a) because demand is increasing faster than the production, therefore to meet the demand crude oil will have to be imported.

Ex.3. Statement: Until our country achieves economic equality, political freedom and democracy would be meaningless.

Conclusion: I. Political freedom and democracy go hand in hand. Il. Economic equality leads to real political freedom and democracy.

Sol. (b) Economic equality only leads to democracy. Political freedom does not lead to democracy.

PRACTICE TEST I

Direction (1 to 30): da these questions, two statements are Given followed by two conclusions I and II. You have to consider both the statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly Known facts. You have to decide which of the given conclusions is/are definitely drawn from the given statements.

Select answer as :

(a) if only I follow. (b) if only Il follows (c) if Either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows (e) if both I and II follows

1. Statement: When it rains, usually X does not go out. X has gone out,

Conclusion: I. It is not raining. lI. X has some urgent business to transact.

2. Statement: In a Golf club, all the members are not active players of the game but all of them are rich. Mrs. X is a member.

Conclusions: I. She is a golfer Il. She is rich.

3. Statement : All employees of company A have identity cards. Ram is an employee company A. .

Conclusions : 1. Ram has an identity card II. Ram is the General Manager of the company.

4. Statement: If there is shortage in the production of onions, the price of onions will go up. Price of onions has gone up.

Conclusion: I. There is shortage in the production of onions. II. Onions were exported.

5. Statement: If all players play to their full potential, we will win the match. We have won the match.

Conclusion: I. All players played to their full potential. II. Some players did not play to their full potential.

6. Statement : Some businessmen are rich. Soman is rich.

Conclusions: I. Soman is a businessman. II. Soman has a big Farm.

7. Statement : All persons who own a house or a car should fill Income Tax Return. Shiela files her income tax return.

Conclusions: I. Shiela owns a house or a car. II. Shiela neither owns a house nor a car.

8. Statement : In order to be selected for the local cricket team. a person should be either a good batsman or a bowler. Shyam is selected for the team.

Conclusion : I. Shyam is not a good batsman. II. Shyam is not a good bowler.

9. Statement : Without rains the crops will not be good. The craps were good.

Conclusion : I. There were rains. Il. Crops were good due to good fertilizers.

10. Statement : According to the evolution theory, men evolved from a monkey. X is a monkey.

Conclusion : I. X can become a man. II. Man can become a monkey.

11. Statement : Of the ten fishermen caught in a strom, nine managed to return to the shore. Praveen has not yet returned after four days.

Conclusion : I. Praveen got killed in the storms. II. Praveen has survived the storm.

12. Statement : Now you don’t need an import license to own a VCR.

Conclusion : I. VCRs are now manufactured indigenously. Il. VCRs are now freely permitted to be imported.

13. Statement : Just about everyone in Germany has been on a diet at one time or the other and millions of them have learned that the weight they lose is all too easily regained. Still despite their frustration, few question the wisdom of dieting.

Conclusion : I. Germans should stop dieting. Il. Germans do not learn from experience.

14. Statement : A study of planning commission reveals boom in revenues. However, this has been of little avail owing to soaring expenditure. In the event, there has been a high dose of deficit financing, leading to marked rise in prices. Large financial outlays year had little impact on the level of living.

Conclusion: 1. A boom in revenues leads to rise in Prices. II. Large financial outlays should be avoided.

15. Statement : The average number of students per teacher is 50 in the urban areas whereas it is 60 in rural areas. The national average is 55.

Conclusion : 1. The student teacher ratio in the rural areas is higher than in the urban areas. II. More students study with one teacher in the rural areas as compared to those in the urban areas.

16. Statement : This world is neither good nor evil, each man manufactures a world for himself.

Conclusion : I. Some people find this world quite good. II. Some people find this world quite bad..

17. Statement : Domestic demand has been increasing faster than the production of indigenous crude oil.

Conclusions : I. Crude oil must be imported. II. Domestic demand must be reduced.

18. Statement : From the next academic year, students will have the option of dropping mathematics and science for their school living. :

Conclusions : I. Students who are weak in science and mathematics will be admitted. II. Earlier, the students did not have the choice of continuing their education without these subjects.

19. Statement : Sealed tenders are invited from competent contractors experienced in executing construction jobs.

Conclusions : I. Tenders are invited only from experienced contractors. II. It is difficult to find competent tenders in construction jobs.

20. Statement : The distance of 900 km by road between Bombay and Jafra will be reduced to 280 km by sea. This will lead to a saving of Rs. 7.92 crores per annum on fuel.

Conclusions : I. Transportation by sea is cheaper than that by road worth Rs. 5 cr. II. Fuel will be saved to the greatest extent.

21. Statement : The manager humiliated Sachin in the presence of his colleagues.

Conclusions : I. The manager did not like Sachin. II. Sachin was not popular with his colleagues.

22. Statement : Any young man who makes dowry as a condition for marriage discredits himself and dishonors womanhood.

Conclusions : I. Those who take dowry in marriage should be condemned by society. II. Those who do not take dowry in marriage respect womanhood.

23. Statement : Morning walks are good for health.

Conclusions : I. All healthy people go for morning walks. Il. Evening walks are harmful.

24. Statement : The best way to escape from a problem is to solve it.

Conclusions : I. Your life will be dull if you don’t face a problem. Il. To escape from problems, you should always have some solutions with you.

25. Statement : Vegetable prices are soaring in the market.

Conclusion : I. Vegetables are becoming a rare commodity. Il. People cannot eat vegetables.

26. Statement : Until our country achieves economic equality, political freedom and democracy would be meaningless.

Conclusions : I. Political freedom and democracy go hand in hand. II. Economic equality leads to real political freedom and democracy.

Directions (27 to 30): In each of the questions given below, two statements are given followed by two conclusions I and II. You have to consider both-the statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to decide which of the given conclusions is/are definitely drawn from the given Statements. Select answer as :

(a) if only conclusion I follows. (b) if only conclusion II follows. (c) if either I or II follows. (d) if neither I nor TH follows. (e) if both I and II follows.

27. Statement : Only good singers are invited in the conference. No one without sweet voice is a good singer.

Conclusions : I. All invited singers in the conference have sweet voice. II. Those singers who do not have sweet voice are not invited in the conference.

28. Statement : Today out of the world population of several thousand million, the majority of men have to live under government Which refuse them personal liberty and the right to dissent.

Conclusions : I. People are indifferent to personal liberty and the right to dissent. II. People desire personal liberty and the right to dissent.

29. Statement : “The Government will review the present policy of the diesel price in view of further spurt in the international oil prices.” —A spokesman of the Government.

Conclusions : I. The Government will increase the price of the diesel after the imminent spurt in the international oil prices. II. The Government will not increase the price of the dicsel even after the imminent spurt in the international oil prices.

30. Statement: I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.

Conclusions : I. Writer’s knowledge is very poor. II. The world of knowledge is too vast to be explored by a single person.

ANSWERS

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5.(a) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (d)

11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (e) 16. (e) 17. (c) 18. (e) 19. (a) 20. (b)

21. (d) 22. (e) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (b) 27. (e) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (b)

PRACTICE TEST II

Directions: In each of the following questions a statement/group of statements is given followed by some conclusions without resolving anything yourself, choose the conclusion which logically follows from the given statement(s).

1. Statement : Most dresses in that shop are expensive.

Conclusion :

(a) There are no cheap dresses available in that shop. (b) Handloom dresses in that shop are cheap. (c) There are cheap dresses also in that shop. (d) Some dresses in that shop are expensive.

2. Statement : To pass the examination, one must work hard.

Conclusion : (a) Examination is related with hard work. (b) All those who work hard, pass. (c) Examination causes some anxiety and those who work hard overcome it. (d) Without hard work, one does not pass. (e) Hard-working person is a satisfied person.

3. Statement: In the university examination, most of the candidates write Hindi medium.

Conclusion : (a) Some candidates of this examination write in Hindi. (b) Mostly candidates with Hindi medium appear in this examination. (c) In this examination no candidate writes answers in medium other than Hindi. (d) All the candidates who appear in this examination write answers in Hindi.

4. Statement : This book can help because all good books help.

Conclusion : (a) This is not a good book. (b) This is a good book. (c) No good book helps. (d) Some good books help.

5. Statement: All that glitters is not gold.

Conclusion : (a) Non-metals also glitter. (b) Only gold glitters. (c) Not all metals glitter. (d) Glittering things may be deceptive.

6. Statement : Soldiers serve their country.

Conclusion : (a) Men generally serve their country. (b) Those who serve their country are soldiers. (c) Some men who are soldiers serve their country. (d) Women do not serve their country because they are not soldiers.

7. Statement: Ability is poor man’s wealth.

Conclusions : (a) A poor man is always able. (b) A poor man has the ability to earn wealth. (c) A wealthy man is always able. (d) A poor man can earn wealth if he has ability.

8. Statement : Television convinces viewers that the likelihood of their becoming the victim of the violent crime. C is extremely high; At the same time by its very nature, T.V. persuades viewers to passively accept whatever happens to them. |

Conclusions : (a) T.V. Viewing promotes criminal behaviors. (b) T.V. Viewers are most likely to be victimized than other. (c) People should not watch T.V. (d) T.V. promotes a feeling of helpless vulnerability in viewers.

9. Statement : All students in my class are bright. Manish is not bright.

Conclusions : (a) Some students are not bright. (b) Manish must work hard. (c) Non-bright are not students. (d) Manish is not a student in my class.

10. Statement : During the ‘Puja days’, people visit those houses where ‘puja is performed. They make it point to go even if they are not invited. Manmohan visited the house of Keshav, his office colleague during Puja days.

Conclusions : (a) Keshav had invited manmohan for some other function. (b) Manmohan being a religious man, went to Keshav’s house uninvited. (c) In Keshav’s house puja was performed. (d) Manmohan was invited by Keshav.

11. Statement: A factory worker have five children. No one else in the factory has five children.

Conclusions : (a) All workers in the factory have five children each. (b) Everybody in the factory have children. (c) Some of the factory workers have more than five children. (d) Only one worker in the factory has exactly five children.

12. Statement : Everyman should have his identity card with him. That card should mention his blood group, complete address and telephone numbers for contact, in case, some serious accident takes place.

Conclusion: (a) Blood cannot be transfused until its group mentioned in the card. (b) The police needs this information specially when the accident is fatal. (c) In case of emergency, he may forget his address and may need the card to contact his house. (d) None is suppose to forget his phone number under any circumstances. (e) When the serious injured person is helpless to tell his blood group this information would sufficient to indicate the required blood group.

13. Two statements are followed by two conclusions 1 and 2. You have to consider the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. You have to pick the conclusion that can definitely be drawn from the given statements and indicate your answer accordingly.

Statements:

1. Only a tenth of the potholes identified on the city’s arterial and sub-arterial roads have been attended to so far by the civic body.

2. Even in areas where potholes have been filled, citizens are questioning the quality of work. A resident in H.S.R. Layout observed a pothole being fixed in less than three minutes.

Conclusions:

1. Driving on the road continues to remain a problem due to potholes.

2. The corruption in the civic body is responsible for fixing the potholes identified on the city’s road.

(a) Only conclusion 1 follows

(b) Only conclusion 2 follows

(d) Neither of the conclusions follows

(e) Both conclusions follow

14. Two statements are followed by two Conclusions I and II. You have to consider the statements to be true, even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. You are to decide which of the given conclusions can definitely be drawn from the given statements and indicate your answer accordingly.

Statements:

I. The literacy rate in India is increasing year by year.

II. Awareness campaigns about the need for education are constant affairs these days.

Conclusions:

1. The literacy rate will slowly increase every year and it will improve the availability of skilled labour

2. Every child of every family should be given an opportunity to study.

(a) Only conclusion 1 follow.

(b) Only conclusion 2 follows

(d) Neither conclusion 1 or 2 follows

(e) Both conclusions 1 and 2 follow

15. Statement : Many business offices are located in buildings having two-to-eight floors. If building has more than three floors it has a lift.

Conclusions : ,

(a) All floors may be reached by lifts.

(b) Only floors above the third floor have lifts.

(d) Second floor do not have lift.

16. Statement : In this company 60% of the employees are males. 40% are females. 80% of the employees are sincere and 40% of the employees are from Ravalpur city.

Conclusions :

(a) All male employees are out-stationed.

(b) All male employees are sincere.

(d) All female employees are from Ravalpur.

(e) None of these.

17. Statement : In a class three-fourth of the boys play football. One-half play cricket one-fourth of those who play cricket do not play football.

Conclusion :

(a) two-third of the boys who play only football.

(b) one-fourth of the boys play neither cricket nor football.

(d) one-eighth of the boys play neither cricket nor football.

(e) two-fifth of the boys plays only football.

18. Statement : The data given by the U.S. Labour ministry indicates that till the year 2000, there will be shortage of one lakh programmers. A spokesman from the industry said, “We should understand this thoroughly America needs Indian programmer. This is not only the question of investment but also of the talent with which the Indian Programmer arc equipped.”

Conclusion :

(a) In other sectors also, there will be shortage of talented labour till the year 2000.

(b) Indian programmers are the most talented in the world.

(d) In spite of entering with huge capital in the software training U.S. could not be able to meet its all needsfully.

(e) The Indian software market is well equiped to send programmes to other countries.

19. Statement :

1. None but the rich can afford air travel.

2. Some of those who travel by air become sick.

3. Some of those who become sick require treatment.

Conclusions :

(a) All the rich persons travel by air.

(b) Those who travel by air become sick.

(d) All those persons who travel by air are rich.

20. Statement :

1. I watch T.V. only if I am bored.

2. I am never bored, when I have my brother’s company.

3. Whenever I go to the theatre, I take my brother alone.

Conclusion :

(a) If I am bored, I seek my brother’s company.

(b) If I am not bored, I do not watch T. V.

(d) If I am not with my brother then I watch T.V.

ANSWERS

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c)

11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (e) 15. (c) 16. (e) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)

Statement and conclusions