Reading Comprehension for SBI PO | Previous Years Questions

Practice reading comprehension for sbi po exam for your upcoming exam. We have covered all the reading comprehension for sbi po previous year questions along with answer and detailed explanation which will help you in your SBI PO Exam preparation. These questions will also be helpful during your preparation for other Bank Exams like IBPS or RBI both Clerk and PO.

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Reading Comprehension Question SBI PO Prelims Previous Year Paper 2024, held on 08 March 2024 (Shift 2)

Directions : Read the following passage and answer the given questions.

The latest retail inflation data once again highlights the continuous volatility in food prices, which continues to impact overall inflation and economic growth, particularly personal consumption. In February, the Consumer Price Index (CPI) remained almost unchanged from the previous month at 5.09%. However, food inflation, measured by the Consumer Food Price Index, rose by 36 basis points to 8.66%. Among food items, vegetable prices remained the most concerning, with inflation in this category surging to 30.3% year-on-year—an increase of 315 basis points from January. Cereal inflation, the most significant component in the food index, remained high at 7.6%, only slightly lower than January’s 7.83%.

The widely consumed potato-onion-tomato group _______________________ vegetable inflation. Potato prices, which had declined by nearly 2% in January, shot up to 12.4% inflation. Onion prices surged by 22.1%, while tomato inflation rose by nearly 400 basis points to reach a six-month high of 42%. Data from the Department of Consumer Affairs’ daily monitoring dashboard indicates no relief, with average retail prices of potatoes, onions, and tomatoes as of March 14 being 21.3%, 41.4%, and 35.2% higher, respectively, compared to a year ago.

Despite government interventions, such as a three-month-old ban on onion exports, prices remain stubbornly high. The outlook remains grim, with onion production in the 2023-24 horticulture year expected to decline by over 15.6% and potato production estimated to drop by nearly 2%, as per the Ministry of Agriculture’s First Advance Estimates released on March 7. Additionally, water storage levels at 150 reservoirs were at 40% of capacity as of March 14, lagging behind both the 10-year average and last year’s levels. This shortfall is particularly severe in the southern region, where the deficit is 29%.

Reserve Bank of India Deputy Governor Michael Patra recently warned that high food inflation is weighing heavily on private consumption, which constitutes 57% of GDP, especially in rural areas. To ensure balance in economic growth, inflation must be controlled. With elections approaching, policymakers face the challenge of preventing a worsening economic situation in the coming months by implementing more regulated measures and improving the handle of food price stability to ensure economic resilience.

Q1. Which of the following statement/s is/are true based on the information given in the passage?

(I) The Consumer Price Index (CPI) in February increased significantly compared to the previous month.

(II) The Ministry of Agriculture’s First Advance Estimates suggest that onion production in the 2023 – 24 horticulture year is expected to decline by over 15.6%.

(III) Water storage levels in 150 reservoirs as of March 14 were above both the 10-year average and last year’s levels.

(a) Only (I)

(b) Both (I) and (II)

(d) Both (I) and (III)

(e) Only (II)

Answer: (e) Only (II)

Explanation:

Analysing each statement:

(I) The Consumer Price Index (CPI) in February increased significantly compared to the previous month.
This is false. The passage mentions that the CPI remained almost unchanged from the previous month at 5.09%. Therefore, the CPI did not increase significantly.

(II) The Ministry of Agriculture’s First Advance Estimates suggest that onion production in the 2023-24 horticulture year is expected to decline by over 15.6%.
This is true. The passage clearly states that the onion production is expected to decline by over 15.6% according to the Ministry of Agriculture’s First Advance Estimates.

(III) Water storage levels in 150 reservoirs as of March 14 were above both the 10-year average and last year’s levels.
This is false. The passage mentions that water storage levels at 150 reservoirs were at 40% of capacity, lagging behind both the 10-year average and last year’s levels. So, it was below both the 10-year average and last year’s levels, not above.

Therefore, option (e) Only (II)) is the only correct one, as it accurately reflects the information in the passage about the expected decline in onion production.

Q2. Which of the following words is the best synonym for “continuous” as used in the passage?

(a) Intermittent

(b) Persistent

(d) Sporadic

(e) Occasional

Answer: (b) Persistent (स्थायी)

In the passage, the word “continuous” refers to something that is ongoing without interruption. The best synonym for “continuous” in this context is “persistent”, which means something that continues firmly or steadily over a long period of time.

Given options:

(a) Intermittent (अवधिक): Intermittent means occurring at irregular intervals, not continuous. This is the opposite of continuous.

(b) Persistent (स्थायी): Persistent means continuing steadily or without interruption, which aligns well with the meaning of continuous in the passage.

(c) Temporary (अस्थायी): Temporary refers to something that lasts only for a short period, which is the opposite of continuous.

(d) Sporadic (विध्वंसात्मक): Sporadic means occurring irregularly or infrequently, which is also the opposite of continuous.

(e) Occasional (अवसरवादी): Occasional refers to something happening at intervals, not continuously.

Option (b) Persistent (स्थायी) is the best synonym for “continuous” (निरंतर) in this context, as it refers to something that continues without interruption.

Q3. Which of the following statements correctly summarizes the government’s response to food inflation?

(a) The government has imposed price controls on essential food items.

(b) A ban on onion exports was introduced to control rising onion prices.

(d) Direct cash transfers have been provided to consumers to offset rising food prices.

(e) The government has significantly reduced import duties on vegetables.

Answer: (b) A ban on onion exports was introduced to control rising onion prices.

Explanation:

Based on the passage, the government’s response to food inflation, specifically regarding onions, included a ban on onion exports. The passage mentions, “Despite government interventions, such as a three-month-old ban on onion exports, prices remain stubbornly high.”

Analysing each option:

(a) The government has imposed price controls on essential food items.
This is incorrect. The passage does not mention the imposition of price controls on food items.

(b) A ban on onion exports was introduced to control rising onion prices.
This is correct. The passage specifically mentions that the government imposed a ban on onion exports to control rising prices.

(c) The government has increased subsidies for farmers to boost food production.
This is incorrect. The passage does not mention any subsidies being provided to farmers.

(d) Direct cash transfers have been provided to consumers to offset rising food prices.
This is incorrect. The passage does not mention any direct cash transfers to consumers.

(e) The government has significantly reduced import duties on vegetables.
This is incorrect. The passage does not mention any reduction in import duties on vegetables.

Answer is Option (b), the government’s intervention, as mentioned in the passage, specifically targeted onion prices through a ban on exports.

Q4. Based on the passage, which factor is most likely to pose a long-term risk to food inflation?

(a) The immediate rise in onion and tomato prices.

(b) The decline in water storage levels in reservoirs.

(d) The marginal drop in cereal inflation from January.

(e) The upcoming elections and policy uncertainty.

Answer: (b) The decline in water storage levels in reservoirs.

Explanation:

Based on the passage, the decline in water storage levels in reservoirs is mentioned as a long-term risk factor that could affect food production and, in turn, food prices. The passage states: “water storage levels at 150 reservoirs were at 40% of capacity as of March 14, lagging behind both the 10-year average and last year’s levels. This shortfall is particularly severe in the southern region, where the deficit is 29%.”

Breaking down of each option:

(a) The immediate rise in onion and tomato prices.
While the rise in prices is mentioned in the passage, it is more of a short-term issue and does not indicate a long-term risk factor. The decline in water storage, however, poses a long-term risk to food production.

(b) The decline in water storage levels in reservoirs.
This is correct. The passage highlights the decline in water storage levels as a significant factor that could affect future food production, particularly in the southern region. This is a long-term risk to food inflation.

(c) The increase in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in February.
This is incorrect. The increase in CPI is a short-term measure of inflation, and while it is important, it is not specifically highlighted in the passage as a long-term risk factor.

(d) The marginal drop in cereal inflation from January.
This is incorrect. A marginal drop in cereal inflation does not pose a long-term risk to food inflation, especially considering the passage mentions larger concerns related to water storage and onion production.

(e) The upcoming elections and policy uncertainty.
While the passage does mention the upcoming elections, it doesn’t suggest that policy uncertainty alone poses a long-term risk to food inflation in the same way as the water storage issue.

So, option (b) The decline in water storage levels is a long-term risk to food inflation as it could severely affect agricultural production, particularly in regions dependent on water reserves for irrigation.

Q5. Which of the following statement/s is/are false based on the information given in the passage?

(I) The potato-onion-tomato group significantly influenced the rise in vegetable inflation.

(II) Water storage levels are particularly low in the northern region of India.

(III) Private consumption accounts for 57% of GDP, and high food inflation is negatively affecting it, especially in rural areas.

(a) Only (I)

(b) Both (I) and (II)

(d) Both (I) and (III)

(e) Only (III)

Answer: (c) Only (II)

Explanation:

Analyzing each statement:

(I) The potato-onion-tomato group significantly influenced the rise in vegetable inflation.
This is true. The passage specifically mentions that the potato-onion-tomato group “significantly influenced vegetable inflation,” with prices of potatoes, onions, and tomatoes rising significantly. This led to the increase in vegetable inflation.

(II) Water storage levels are particularly low in the northern region of India.
This is false. The passage mentions that water storage levels are low in the southern region, not the northern region. The shortfall in water storage is particularly severe in the southern region, where the deficit is 29%. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

(III) Private consumption accounts for 57% of GDP, and high food inflation is negatively affecting it, especially in rural areas.
This is true. The passage mentions that “private consumption constitutes 57% of GDP, especially in rural areas”, and high food inflation is weighing heavily on it. This aligns with the statement.

Therefore, Option (c) Only (II), Statement (II) is false because the passage specifically mentions the southern region having a severe shortfall in water storage, not the northern region.

Q6. Which of the following words can best replace “handle” in the given passage?

(a) Process

(b) Increase

(d) Disturbance

(e) Fluctuation

Answer: (a) Process (प्रक्रिया)

Explanation:

In the context of the passage, the word “handle” is used to describe managing or dealing with the situation of food price stability. The most appropriate synonym would be a word that conveys the idea of managing or controlling a situation or process, and “process” fits this context well.

Analyze the options:

(a) Process (प्रक्रिया): Process refers to a series of actions or steps taken to achieve a particular end, which fits the context of managing or handling the situation. It is the best option because it implies dealing with a continuing procedure or method.

(b) Increase (वृद्धि): Increase refers to making something larger or greater, which is unrelated to managing or handling a situation. This is not the right choice.

(c) Reduction (घटाव): Reduction means making something smaller or less, which is not the intended meaning of “handle” in this context. Handling food price stability involves managing the situation, not necessarily reducing it.

(d) Disturbance (विघटन): Disturbance means a disruption or interruption, which is the opposite of handling or managing a situation. This is not the correct choice.

(e) Fluctuation (अस्थिरता): Fluctuation refers to irregular variation, especially in prices or levels. While the passage talks about price stability, “fluctuation” does not fit the idea of “handling” or “managing” the situation.

Therefore, (a) Process is the most suitable replacement for “handle” because it reflects the idea of managing or dealing with the situation in an ongoing and structured way.

Q7. Based on the passage, which of the following can be inferred about food inflation and its impact on the economy?

(a) High food inflation is primarily driven by supply-side constraints rather than demand-side factors.

(b) The decline in water storage levels could contribute to prolonged inflationary pressure in food prices.

(d) Both A and B

(e) All A, B, C

Answer: (d) Both A and B

Explanation:

Anlanyze each option based on the passage:

(a) High food inflation is primarily driven by supply-side constraints rather than demand-side factors.: This is correct. The passage discusses issues like water storage levels and the decline in production of onions and potatoes, which indicate supply-side constraints. These factors are contributing to high food inflation.

(b) The decline in water storage levels could contribute to prolonged inflationary pressure in food prices.: This is correct. The passage mentions that water storage levels at 150 reservoirs are at only 40% of capacity, and this shortfall, especially in the southern region, could lead to long-term inflationary pressures on food prices. It highlights the severity of the situation and how it can affect agricultural production.

(c) The government’s intervention in controlling onion prices has been highly effective in stabilizing inflation.: This is incorrect. The passage mentions that despite government interventions like the ban on onion exports, onion prices remain stubbornly high. This implies that the government’s efforts have not been highly effective in stabilizing prices.

Hence, Both (a) and (b) are correct, while (c) is not accurate according to the information provided in the passage. The passage suggests that supply-side issues (e.g., declining water storage levels and production) are major contributors to high food inflation, and this situation may worsen over time.

Q8. Which of the following is most suitable to fill the given blank?

(a) played a key role to drive

(b) playing an essential part

(d) in a crucial role

(e) regulated in

Answer: (c) played a key role in driving

Explanation:

In the given sentence, the blank requires a phrase that indicates an active and essential contribution to a particular process, which in this case is likely related to influencing or motivating something. Analyzing each option:

(a) played a key role to drive: This phrase is grammatically incorrect. We typically use “in” after “key role” to indicate the action being influenced or driven.

(b) playing an essential part: While “playing an essential part” is a valid phrase, it doesn’t fit as well as option (c). It sounds slightly less direct and would need to be restructured.

(c) played a key role in driving: This is correct. “Played a key role in driving” is grammatically sound and properly expresses the idea of actively contributing to the progression or influence of something. The preposition “in” correctly links the key role to the action of driving or leading.

(d) in a crucial role: This option doesn’t fit the sentence structure. “In a crucial role” is not commonly used in this context to indicate a dynamic or active contribution.

(e) regulated in: This is grammatically incorrect and doesn’t make sense in the context. “Regulated” is typically used in a different context, usually referring to controlling or managing something, but not in this case.

Hence, option (c) the phrase “played a key role in driving” is the most appropriate and grammatically correct option. It accurately conveys the idea of being an active influence in a process or development.

Q9. Which of the following words is the best synonym for “balance” as used in the passage?

(a) Stability

(b) Equality

(d) Fluctuation

(e) Growth

Answer: (a) Stability (स्थिरता)

Explanation:

In the context of the passage, the word “balance” likely refers to the idea of maintaining equilibrium or steadiness within the economic scenario discussed.

Given options:

(a) Stability (स्थिरता): This is the best synonym for “balance” in this context. Stability means the condition of being steady and unchanging, which aligns with the idea of maintaining a balanced state in an economic environment.

(b) Equality (समानता): While “equality” can be related to balance in some contexts, it specifically refers to a state of being equal or even, not necessarily to the idea of maintaining steadiness or equilibrium over time.

(c) Increment (वृद्धि): “Increment” refers to an increase or addition in something, which is not related to the concept of balance.

(d) Fluctuation (उथल-पुथल): “Fluctuation” refers to changes or variations, which is the opposite of balance. Fluctuations imply instability, not balance.

(e) Growth (विकास): “Growth” refers to development or increase, which doesn’t convey the idea of balance or maintaining stability.

Option (a) Stability is the most appropriate synonym for “balance” because it reflects the idea of maintaining a steady and unchanging state, which is the meaning being conveyed in the passage.

Reading Comprehension Question SBI PO Prelims Previous Year Paper 2023, held on 01 Nov 2023

Directions: Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Gender-based pricing, also known as “pink tax,” is an upcharge on products traditionally intended for women which have only cosmetic differences from comparable products traditionally intended for men. In other words, it’s not actually a tax. It’s an “income-generating scenario for private companies who found a way to make their product look either more directed to or more appropriate for the population and saw that as a moneymaker,” explains Jennifer Weiss-Wolf, a lawyer, vice president for the Brennan School of Justice at NYU School of Law, and co-founder of Period Equity. Yet pink tax is not a new phenomenon. The issue was delineated more finely in 2015 when the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs released a report about price disparities for 794 comparable products from 91 brands sold throughout the city. The report examined five different industries, such as personal care products or senior/home healthcare products. These encompassed 35 product categories, such as bodywash or shampoo. In every single of those five industries, consumer goods marketed to women and girls cost more. The same was the case in all but five of the 35 product categories. Researchers looked at 106 products in the toys and accessories category and found that, on average, those intended for girls were priced 7 percent higher.

NYC’s report found women faced an average price difference of 13 percent for personal care products among the 122 products compared in the study. And the authors aptly noted that these items, such as shaving gel and deodorant, are the ones purchased most frequently compared with other categories — meaning that the ____________ add up over time. While this is unfair for all those shopping for these products, that 13 percent price increase hits women and girls who come from lower income households even harder. Legislative attempts, however, could correct the pink tax. In 1995, then-Assemblywoman Jackie Speier successfully passed a bill that forbade gender pricing of services, such as haircuts.

Q1. What is the motive behind the imposition of the “pink tax”?

(a) To offer more products and services to meet the needs of the female demographic in society.

(b) The “Pink Tax” is primarily collected to support the advancement of women.

(d) Jennifer Weiss-Wolf introduced the “pink tax” to promote gender-based tax equality within companies.

(e) Companies believe that they can capitalize from perceived gender-based branding differences.

Answer: (e) Companies believe that they can capitalize from perceived gender-based branding differences.

Explanation:

The passage explains that the “pink tax” is not an actual tax, but rather a pricing strategy where companies charge more for products intended for women, even though the products only have cosmetic differences compared to similar products intended for men.

Refer to the lines, “It’s an “income-generating scenario for private companies who found a way to make their product look either more directed to or more appropriate for the population and saw that as a moneymaker,”. The passage further explains that companies see this as a moneymaking opportunity, capitalizing on the perceived differences in branding for products marketed to different genders.

Other options:

(a) To offer more products and services to meet the needs of the female demographic in society: This option is incorrect. The passage doesn’t mention offering more products or services to meet the needs of women. The motive behind the pink tax is about charging more for similar products, not providing more options.

(b) The “Pink Tax” is primarily collected to support the advancement of women: This is incorrect. The pink tax is about making money from perceived gender differences, not about supporting the advancement of women.

(c) To eliminate the tax disparity in comparable cosmetic products: This is incorrect. The passage does not mention eliminating any tax disparity. It is about pricing products differently based on gender.

(d) Jennifer Weiss-Wolf introduced the “pink tax” to promote gender-based tax equality within companies: This is incorrect. Jennifer Weiss-Wolf explains the pink tax, but she did not introduce it. The pink tax is a practice used by companies to generate revenue.

Q2. What does the author mean by “In other words, it’s not actually a tax”?

(a) “Pink tax” is not the actual tax as it is only levied on woman.

(b) An actual tax is levied on the society only after collecting the “pink tax.”

(d) Gender-based pricing is only a pricing strategy by private companies.

(e) Cannot be determined

Answer: (d) Gender-based pricing is only a pricing strategy by private companies.

Explanation:

In the passage, the phrase “In other words, it’s not actually a tax” is used to clarify that the “pink tax” is not a legitimate tax imposed by the government. Instead, it is a pricing strategy employed by private companies to charge more for products marketed to women, even though these products are nearly identical to those marketed to men.

Why other options are incorrect:

(a) “Pink tax” is not the actual tax as it is only levied on women: This is partially correct in that the pink tax is specifically levied on products marketed to women, but the key point is that it is not an actual tax like sales tax, but a pricing strategy by companies. The passage focuses on the pricing aspect, not on taxes imposed on women alone.

(b) An actual tax is levied on society only after collecting the “pink tax.”: This is incorrect because the pink tax is not related to a government tax collection process. It’s a pricing difference created by private companies, not a government-imposed tax.

(c) Gender-based pricing or pink tax is merely an extension to the actual tax imposed by the government: This is incorrect. The passage explains that the pink tax is not an actual tax at all, and it is not related to any government tax system.

Q3. What is/are the findings of the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs report from 2015?

(I) In the toys and accessories category, products intended for girls were, on average, priced 7 percent higher.

(II) An average price variation of 13 percent was observed for personal care products targeted at women.

(III) The report discussed the legislative attempts to address the “pink tax,” such as the bill passed by Assemblywoman Jackie Speier in 1995.

(a) Only (I)

(b) Both (I) and (II)

(d) Both (I) and (III)

(e) All (I), (II) and (III)

Answer: (b) Both (I) and (II)

Explanation:

The passage provides the following findings from the New York City Department of Consumer Affairs report from 2015:

(I) In the toys and accessories category, products intended for girls were, on average, priced 7 percent higher: This finding is explicitly mentioned in the passage when it discusses the pricing of products in the toys and accessories category, where products for girls were priced 7 percent higher.

(II) An average price variation of 13 percent was observed for personal care products targeted at women: This is also clearly stated in the passage. The passage mentions that women faced an average price difference of 13 percent for personal care products such as shaving gel and deodorant.

(III) The report discussed the legislative attempts to address the “pink tax,” such as the bill passed by Assemblywoman Jackie Speier in 1995: Although the passage does mention this bill, it is not a finding of the report itself but rather an example of a legislative attempt to address the issue. The passage focuses more on price disparities rather than the legislative attempts, so this part is not part of the findings from the report.

Therefore, (b) Both (I) and (II) is the correct answer because these two points are findings from the report, while (III) is related to legislative efforts, not findings from the report.

Q4. What is the consequence of gender-based pricing on consumers, particularly women?

(a) Businesses can generate increased profits, leading to the advancement and progress of society.

(b) Continuing an unjust pricing approach might foster a sense of superiority among men.

(d) Due to the lower prices of men’s products, it may be assumed that the quality is also inferior.

(e) A conflict might arise between the women of higher-income households and lower-income-households.

Answer: (c) Price differences can worsen economic inequality, especially for women in lower-income households.

Explanation:

The passage highlights that the “pink tax” or gender-based pricing can result in higher prices for products marketed to women, even though the products are nearly identical to those marketed to men. One of the key points raised in the passage is that this pricing disparity hits women and girls from lower-income households particularly hard. This means that the price differences between men’s and women’s products contribute to economic inequality, especially for women who are already economically disadvantaged.

Analyzing the options:

(a) Businesses can generate increased profits, leading to the advancement and progress of society: While businesses may generate higher profits from gender-based pricing, this is not the primary consequence of the pink tax discussed in the passage. The focus is on its negative impact on consumers, particularly women.

(b) Continuing an unjust pricing approach might foster a sense of superiority among men: This is not mentioned in the passage. The issue in the passage is about price disparities, not about fostering superiority among men.

(c) Price differences can worsen economic inequality, especially for women in lower-income households: This is correct. The passage emphasizes how the price differences resulting from the pink tax disproportionately affect lower-income women, making it harder for them to afford essential goods like personal care products.

(d) Due to the lower prices of men’s products, it may be assumed that the quality is also inferior: This is not mentioned in the passage. The passage does not suggest that lower prices for men’s products indicate lower quality.

(e) A conflict might arise between the women of higher-income households and lower-income households: This is not discussed in the passage. There is no mention of conflict between women from different income groups.

Option (c) accurately reflects the key consequence discussed in the passage, which is the economic inequality created by the pink tax, particularly for lower-income women.

Q5. According to the passage, which of the following statement is FALSE?

(a) The New York City report encompassed five different industries and analyzed 35 product categories.

(b) Jackie Speier successfully passed a bill that prohibited gender-based pricing for services.

(d) The “pink tax” is a pricing strategy employed by private companies within a capitalist framework.

(e) All are true

Answer: (c) The impact of the “pink tax” is confined to a select range of product categories of the study.

Break down the options in relation to the passage:

(a) The New York City report encompassed five different industries and analyzed 35 product categories.: This is true. The passage explicitly mentions that the report covered five different industries and analyzed 35 product categories such as bodywash and shampoo.

(b) Jackie Speier successfully passed a bill that prohibited gender-based pricing for services.: This is true. The passage mentions that Jackie Speier passed a bill in 1995 to forbid gender-based pricing for services, such as haircuts.

(c) The impact of the “pink tax” is confined to a select range of product categories of the study.: This is false. The passage explains that the “pink tax” was found in every single one of the five industries and in all but five of the 35 product categories. It was not confined to a limited set of categories, but rather pervasive across the industries and categories examined.

(d) The “pink tax” is a pricing strategy employed by private companies within a capitalist framework.: This is true. The passage explains that the “pink tax” is not a tax, but a pricing strategy employed by private companies to charge women more for products that are similar to men’s products.

Therefore, Option (c) statement is false because the “pink tax” was found across almost all of the 35 product categories studied, not just a select few.

Q6. Which of the following word aptly fills the blank given in the passage?

(a) costs

(b) profits

(d) categories

(e) risks

Answer: (b) profits

To determine the correct word to fill the blank, we need to look at the context of the sentence in the passage. The sentence in the passage discusses how the fashion industry could take 125 million people out of poverty by adding only 1% of its profits to workers’ wages. This is clearly referring to the financial profits of the fashion industry, which could be redistributed to help alleviate poverty.

Why the other options are incorrect:

(a) costs: Costs refer to the amount of money spent on producing goods or services. The passage is talking about profits, which are the income remaining after expenses, not the costs incurred by the fashion industry.

(c) equity: Equity generally refers to fairness or ownership in an asset, which doesn’t fit the context of the passage discussing profits.

(d) categories: Categories refer to different types or classifications. The passage is talking about profits, not categories of products or any other classification.

(e) risks: Risks refer to the potential for loss or harm, which does not fit the context of the passage, as the focus is on how profits could help alleviate poverty.

Therefore, option (b) profits, is correct. The passage discusses how the fashion industry could use its profits to make a significant impact by improving workers’ wages and lifting millions out of poverty.

Q7. Choose the word that has similar meaning of the word “encompassed” as highlighted in the given passage.

(a) adored

(b) witnessed

(d) included

(e) foresee

Answer: (d) included (समाहित किया गया)

Explanation:

The word “encompassed” in the passage means included or surrounded. It refers to something that has been covered or embraced within a certain boundary or scope. Based on this meaning, the most suitable synonym for “encompassed” in this context is “included”.

Analyzing the options:

(a) adored (प्रिय किया गया): Adored means loved or revered, which is not related to the meaning of encompassed.

(b) witnessed (गवाह किया गया): Witnessed means observed or seen, which does not align with the meaning of encompassed.

(c) removed (हटाया गया): Removed means taken away or eliminated, which is the opposite of encompassed (included or contained).

(d) included (समाहित किया गया): Included means to have something contained within a certain scope or range, which is a direct synonym for encompassed.

(e) foresee (पूर्वानुमान करना): Foresee means to anticipate or predict, which is not related to the meaning of encompassed.

Option (d) included (समाहित किया गया) is the most accurate synonym for “encompassed” (समाहित किया गया), as both refer to something being contained within a particular range or scope.

Q8. Choose the word that has similar meaning of the word “disparities” as highlighted in the given passage.

(a) variance

(b) authentic

(d) dilemma

(e) ambiguity

Answer: (a) variance (विविधता)

Explanation:

The word “disparities” in the passage refers to differences or inequalities. It is used to highlight the lack of equality or the differences between two or more things. The word variance is the most suitable synonym here, as it also means a difference or discrepancy, particularly in terms of quantity or degree.

Analyzing the options:

(a) variance (विविधता): Variance means the state of being different or divergent, which directly aligns with the meaning of disparities.

(b) authentic (प्रमाणिक): Authentic means something that is genuine or true, which does not match the meaning of disparities.

(c) delusion (भ्रम): Delusion refers to a false belief or impression, which is unrelated to disparities.

(d) dilemma (संघर्ष): Dilemma refers to a situation where one has to choose between two or more equally undesirable options, which is not the same as disparities.

(e) ambiguity (अस्पष्टता): Ambiguity refers to something that is unclear or open to multiple interpretations, which does not align with the meaning of disparities.

Option (a) variance (विविधता) is the best synonym for “disparities” (विभिन्नताएँ) because both refer to differences or inequalities.

Q9. Choose the word that has the opposite meaning of the word “delineated” as highlighted in the given passage.

(a) emphasized

(b) rejected

(d) discussed

(e) diverted

Answer: (c) concealed (छिपाया गया)

The word “delineated” means to describe or portray something in detail, typically in a clear and precise manner. The opposite of this would be something that hides, obscures, or keeps something from being shown clearly.

Analyzing the options:

(a) emphasized (प्राथमिकता दी): Emphasized means to give special importance or focus on something. It is not the opposite of delineated; it actually suggests making something more noticeable, rather than hiding it.

(b) rejected (अस्वीकृत किया): Rejected means to refuse or dismiss something, which does not relate directly to delineated. Delineated refers to describing something, while rejected refers to dismissing it.

(c) concealed (छिपाया गया): Concealed means to hide something or keep it out of sight, which is the direct opposite of delineated, as it refers to obscuring or not revealing clearly.

(d) discussed (चर्चा किया गया): Discussed refers to talking about something in detail, but not necessarily in a manner that hides or reveals it. It’s more about the exchange of ideas rather than describing something clearly and precisely.

(e) diverted (मोड़ दिया गया): Diverted means to change the direction of something, but this is unrelated to the concept of delineated, which focuses on how something is described or portrayed.

Option (c) concealed (छिपाया गया) is the most appropriate antonym for “delineated” (विवरण देना) because it means to hide or keep something from being seen clearly, whereas delineated means to describe or depict something clearly.

SBI PO Mock test — SBI PO Mock Test Series

Reading Comprehension Question SBI PO Prelims Previous Year Paper 2022 (18th Dec) Shift

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the following questions. Certain parts have been highlighted to help answer the questions.

Human behavior is the potential and expressed capacity of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life. Behavior is driven by genetic and environmental factors that affect an individual. Behavior is also driven, in part, by thoughts and feelings, which provide insight into individual psyche, revealing such things as attitudes and values. Human behavior is shaped by psychological traits, as personality types vary from person to person, producing different actions and behavior.

Human social behavior is the behavior that considers other humans, including communication and cooperation. It is highly complex and structured, based on advanced theory of mind that allows humans to _________________thoughts and actions to one another. Through social behavior, humans have developed society and culture distinct from other animals. Human social behavior is governed by a combination of biological factors that affect all humans and cultural factors that change depending on upbringing and societal norms. Human communication is based heavily on language, typically through speech or writing. Nonverbal communication and paralanguage can modify the meaning of communications by demonstrating ideas and intent through physical and vocal behaviors. Human social behavior is also governed by social norms. Social norms are unwritten expectations that members of society have for one another. These norms are ingrained in the particular culture that they emerge from, and humans often follow them unconsciously or without deliberation. These norms affect every aspect of life in human society, including decorum, social responsibility, property rights, contractual agreement, morality, justice, and meaning. Many norms facilitate coordination between members of society and prove mutually beneficial, such as norms regarding communication and agreements. Norms are enforced by social pressure, and individuals that violate social norms risk social exclusion.

Q1. What is/are the factor(s) that determines human behavior?

(a) The psychological characteristics differing from person to person

(b) Thoughts and feelings of an individual

(d) All of these

(e) None of these

Answer: (d) All of these

Explanation:

In the passage, the author mentions multiple factors that influence human behavior:

(a) The psychological characteristics differing from person to person: The passage clearly states that human behavior is shaped by psychological traits, and these traits can vary from one individual to another, leading to different actions and behavior.

(b) Thoughts and feelings of an individual: The passage mentions that behavior is driven in part by thoughts and feelings, which provide insight into an individual’s psyche and reveal their attitudes and values.

(c) Genetic and environmental factors: The passage begins by stating that human behavior is driven by genetic and environmental factors. These factors significantly influence how an individual behaves.

Therefore, the correct answer is that all of these factors — psychological traits, thoughts and feelings, and genetic and environmental factors — determine human behavior.

Q2. How has human social behavior contributed to the lives of humans?

(a) It has formed a ground for the division of people on an economical basis.

(b) Humans have established community and culture via social behavior

(d) Understanding social behavior has helped bring social revolution.

(e) None of these

Answer: (b) Humans have established community and culture via social behavior

Explanation:

According to the passage, human social behavior is described as the behavior that considers other humans, including communication and cooperation. It has helped develop society and culture distinct from other animals. The passage emphasizes how social behavior has led to the formation of society and culture, which are essential components of human life and development.

Why the other options are incorrect:

(a) It has formed a ground for the division of people on an economical basis: The passage does not mention that social behavior has led to economic divisions among people. Instead, it focuses on the positive aspects of social behavior, like communication, cooperation, and cultural development.

(c) Social behavior has provided humans with a path to attain contentment: While social behavior can contribute to overall well-being, the passage does not specifically state that it leads to contentment. It focuses more on how social behavior shapes society and culture.

(d) Understanding social behavior has helped bring social revolution: The passage does not mention that understanding social behavior has directly led to a social revolution. It talks about how social behavior is governed by norms and has shaped society, but a revolution is not explicitly stated.

Q3. According to the passage, what regulates human social behavior?

(a) Combination of biological factors and cultural factors.

(b) Expectations of people from one another in society

(d) Personal and emotional factors related to mental health of people

(e) Both a) and b)

Answer: (e) Both a) and b)

Explanation:

Evaluating the other options:

(a) Combination of biological factors and cultural factors. According to the passage, human social behavior is governed by a combination of biological factors that affect all humans and cultural factors that change depending on upbringing and societal norms. It clearly mentions the two main factors that regulate human social behavior: biological factors and cultural factors.

(b) Expectations of people from one another in society: While social behavior is indeed affected by social norms and expectations, the passage highlights that these expectations are part of the cultural factors, which are just one part of the combination (biological and cultural) that governs behavior.

(c) Educational reform or the advent of a foreign lifestyle in a society: The passage does not focus on educational reform or the influence of a foreign lifestyle as regulators of social behavior. The main focus is on the biological and cultural factors.

(d) Personal and emotional factors related to mental health of people: While personal and emotional factors are important in human behavior, the passage does not directly mention mental health as a governing factor for social behavior. It focuses more on biological and cultural factors.

(e) Both a) and b): Both the combination of biological factors and cultural factors and the expectations of people from one another in society regulate human social behavior. This is indeed accurate, as social behavior is influenced by both these aspects as explained in the passage. Option (e) is the correct choice.

Q4. According to the passage, human behavior is…

(a) an act of obtaining and applying creative knowledge and personal beliefs.

(b) the manner in which a person behaves in response to their environment.

(d) regarding the development, organization, as well as use of different materials.

(e) None of these

Answer: (b) the manner in which a person behaves in response to their environment.

Explanation:

According to the passage, human behavior is described as:
“the potential and expressed capacity of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life.” This suggests that human behavior is the way in which individuals respond to both internal factors (such as thoughts and feelings) and external stimuli (like their environment or surroundings).

Checking other options:

(a) an act of obtaining and applying creative knowledge and personal beliefs: This is incorrect because the passage does not focus on acquiring and applying creative knowledge or personal beliefs. It focuses more on the response to stimuli.

(c) accountable for basic social functions as well as measures taken to maintain health: While behavior can be linked to social functions and health, this is not the focus of the passage. The passage emphasizes the general concept of response to stimuli rather than specific aspects of social functions or health maintenance.

(d) regarding the development, organization, as well as use of different materials: This is unrelated to the passage’s description of human behavior. The passage does not talk about material use or organization.

Q5. Which of the following statement(s) is incorrect regarding social norms?

(a) It enables coordination between people and brings mutual benefits.

(b) It has impact on every aspect of an individual’s life living within a society.

(d) The members of society are free from any coercion to follow social norms.

(e) All are correct

Answer: (d) The members of society are free from any coercion to follow social norms.

Evaluating the options based on the passage:

(a) It enables coordination between people and brings mutual benefits: This is correct. The passage mentions that “Many norms facilitate coordination between members of society and prove mutually beneficial, such as norms regarding communication and agreements.”

(b) It has impact on every aspect of an individual’s life living within a society: This is correct. The passage clearly states that social norms affect “every aspect of life in human society, including decorum, social responsibility, property rights, contractual agreement, morality, justice, and meaning.”

(c) Social norms emerge from a particular culture and entrench in that culture: This is correct. The passage highlights that “Social norms are unwritten expectations that members of society have for one another. These norms are ingrained in the particular culture that they emerge from.”

(d) The members of society are free from any coercion to follow social norms: This is incorrect. The passage explains that social norms are enforced by social pressure, and individuals who violate them risk social exclusion. This suggests that there is some form of coercion to follow social norms, whether through direct or indirect social pressures.

Q6. Which of the following is the most suitable word to fill the given blank in the passage?

(a) invade

(b) restrain

(d) elude

(e) None of these

Answer: (c) attribute (संबंधित करना)

Explanation:

Analyze the sentence in the passage:

“Human social behavior is the behavior that considers other humans, including communication and cooperation. It is highly complex and structured, based on advanced theory of mind that allows humans to __________ thoughts and actions to one another.”

The sentence suggests that human social behavior involves communication and cooperation between humans. The blank needs to be filled with a word that fits with the concept of how humans convey or relate their thoughts and actions to each other.

(a) invade (आक्रमण करना): This word means to enter forcefully or uninvited, which doesn’t fit the context of conveying thoughts and actions. It would be inappropriate in this sentence.

(b) restrain (रोकना): This means to hold back or limit, which does not fit in the context of sharing or relating thoughts and actions.

(c) attribute (संबंधित करना): “Attribute” means to regard something as being caused by or belonging to a particular person or thing. It fits perfectly in the sentence, as humans attribute (relate) their thoughts and actions to each other in social behavior.

(d) elude (बचना): This means to escape or avoid, which is opposite to the intended meaning of relating thoughts and actions.

So, the answer is (c) attribute (संबंधित करना)

Attribute word fits contextually, suggesting that humans relate or attribute their thoughts and actions to one another, aligning with the concept of human social behavior and communication.

Q7. Which of the following words is a synonym of ‘deliberation’ given in the passage?

(a) contemplation

(b) hypothetical

(d) affliction

(e) None of these

Answer: (a) contemplation (विचार)

Explanation:

The word “deliberation” refers to careful consideration or thought, especially before making a decision or judgment.

Given options:

(a) contemplation (विचार): Contemplation means deep reflective thought or consideration, which is a synonym of deliberation. Both words refer to the act of thinking carefully about something, which makes this the correct choice.

(b) hypothetical (काल्पनिक): Hypothetical means based on a situation or theory that is not real, but imagined or proposed. It is not related to careful thought or consideration, so it is not a synonym of deliberation.

(c) commencement (आरंभ): Commencement means the beginning or start of something, which is unrelated to the meaning of deliberation.

(d) affliction (कष्ट): Affliction refers to suffering or pain, which has no connection to deliberation, which is about careful thought or discussion.

Hence the answer is (a) contemplation (विचार), is the best synonym for deliberation, as both words refer to the act of thoughtful consideration.

Q8. Which of the following words is an antonym of ‘revealing’ given in the passage?

(a) appalling

(b) flouting

(d) concealing

(e) None of these

Answer: (d) concealing (छुपाना)

The word “revealing” means to make something known or visible, especially something hidden or secret. An antonym of revealing would be a word that suggests hiding or keeping something secret.

Given options:

(a) appalling (भयावह): Appalling means shocking or horrifying, which is not related to the meaning of revealing. It does not imply the opposite of revealing something.

(b) flouting (उलंगन करना): Flouting means to openly disregard or show contempt for something, such as rules or laws. It is not related to revealing.

(c) elevating (उन्नति करना): Elevating means raising something to a higher position or improving it, which is not opposite to revealing.

(d) concealing (छुपाना): Concealing means to hide or keep something secret, which is the direct opposite of revealing. If something is not revealed, it is concealed.

The answer is (d) concealing (छुपाना) which is the antonym of revealing, as it means to hide or keep something secret, whereas revealing means to make something known or visible.

Q9. Which of the following words is a synonym of “norms” given in the passage?

(a) standards

(b) lapse

(d) suspicion

(e) None of these

Answer: (a) standards (मानक)

The word “norms” in the passage refers to unwritten expectations or rules that members of society are expected to follow. These norms help maintain order and coordination within society.

Evaluating the options:

(a) standards (मानक): Standards refer to established rules or principles, which are very similar in meaning to norms. Both terms involve a set of expectations or criteria that people are supposed to follow. Thus, standards is the correct synonym.

(b) lapse (विपत्ति): Lapse means a temporary failure or deviation, which is not related to the meaning of norms. This is not a synonym.

(c) separation (विभाजन): Separation means the act of dividing or setting apart, which is unrelated to the concept of norms, which are about societal expectations.

(d) suspicion (संदेह): Suspicion refers to doubt or mistrust, which does not align with the meaning of norms in the passage.

The Answer is (a) standards (मानक) which is the most appropriate synonym for norms, as both refer to established expectations or rules within a society.

Active & Passive Voice

Error Correction

Ordering of words

Sentence Completion

SBI PO Prelims Previous Year Paper 2021: Reading Comprehension Question

Directions: Read the given passage and answer the following questions. Some words are highlighted to help you answer some of the questions.

Curiosity is a trait of many a famous genius including Thomas Edison, Albert Einstein and Leonardo da Vinci. In an article in LIFE Magazine in 1955 entitled “Old Man’s Advice to Youth: ‘Never Lose a Holy Curiosity” Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity famously said: “The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existence. One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvellous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery each day.” In an ever-evolving world that is fuelled by innovation, curiosity could indeed be considered a very relevant business imperative.

We can all be grateful for those with a progressive mind and an insatiable thirst for discovery, as we have all benefited from some of their findings! Eleanor Roosevelt once observed that if a mother could ask a Fairy Godmother to endow a child with the most useful gift, that gift should be curiosity. One of the key components of cultivating a growth mindset is our ability to be curious and open minded and to question and challenge the way we think. It helps us to avoid getting rigid in our thinking and leads us into exploring new avenues and possibilities. Curiosity is the engine of innovation and curious people have an ongoing, intrinsic interest in both their inner experience and the world around them.

Life is never boring for a curious person. Everyone possesses curiosity to some degree although people will differ according to the depth and strength of their curiosity and their willingness to act on it. Curiosity helps your mind to be more active instead of passive. The mind is a muscle and the more exercise it gets the stronger it will become. Various studies have shown that keeping your brain active and alert can be very helpful as well in later life. Curiosity is the engine of intellectual achievement; those who are more interested in a topic will learn faster and prime the brain better for learning. Curiosity is associated with high performance in both academic and work settings. There is evidence to suggest that the more we learn, the more we want to learn.

Curious people rarely find life boring because there is always something new to explore and discover. You can turn any event into something fascinating by sharpening your observation and giving your attention to something you would normally miss. Walt Disney embraced curiosity as one of the core ingredients of living a fulfilling and exciting life. He said: “We keep moving forward, opening new doors, and doing new things, because we are curious and curiosity keeps leading us down new paths.” In any business context, it is important that people keep satisfying the thirst of innovating new ways of doing things so that they can keep ahead of the game. Refreshing the way we do things helps us to be more agile and work smarter by letting go of irrelevant habits.

Q1. Why does the author refer to curiosity as the engine of innovation?

(a) It assists us in staying flexible in our thoughts.

(b) It stimulates people to explore different things.

(d) It makes a person’s life more bold and adventurous.

(e) None of these

Answer: (b) It stimulates people to explore different things.

Explanation:

In the passage, the author refers to curiosity as “the engine of innovation” because curiosity stimulates people to explore new ideas, concepts, and avenues. The author explains how curiosity drives individuals to question, challenge, and look for new possibilities, which is central to innovation. The passage mentions that curiosity fuels intrinsic interest and helps people stay open-minded, leading to creative thinking and new discoveries.

Why the other options are incorrect:

(a) It assists us in staying flexible in our thoughts: While staying flexible in thinking is an important outcome of curiosity, the phrase “engine of innovation” specifically refers to how curiosity stimulates exploration of new things, which is best captured by option (b).

(c) It enables people to be naturally eccentric around them: This option is not correct. Curiosity is not directly about being eccentric but rather about exploring new things and staying open to new ideas and experiences.

(d) It makes a person’s life more bold and adventurous: While curiosity can lead to a more adventurous life, the passage emphasizes exploring and innovating through curiosity, not just boldness or adventure.

Q2. Why does the author encourage us to be grateful for all those who are keen to know?

(a) Because they aided us in fostering a growth ethic and a desire to learn.

(b) Because they were interactive individuals who queried our assumptions.

(d) Because they had an intense thirst for knowledge and an open mind.

(e) All of these

Answer: (c) Because some of their research and discoveries have helped us all.

Explanation:

The author encourages us to be grateful for those who are keen to know because their research and discoveries have benefited us all. The passage mentions that we can be grateful to those with a progressive mind and an insatiable thirst for discovery, as we have benefited from some of their findings. This clearly suggests that their research and discoveries have made a significant positive impact on society as a whole.

Why other options are incorrect:

(a) Because they aided us in fostering a growth ethic and a desire to learn: While this is a valid point, the passage doesn’t emphasize this as the main reason for being grateful. It focuses more on the tangible benefits of their discoveries.

(b) Because they were interactive individuals who queried our assumptions: While curious individuals do question assumptions, the passage does not directly focus on this as the reason for being grateful. The focus is more on their contributions to society.

(d) Because they had an intense thirst for knowledge and an open mind: Although this is an important characteristic of curious people, the author emphasizes the impact of their discoveries more than just their thirst for knowledge and open-mindedness.

(e) All of these: Although the options (a), (b), and (d) are valid to some extent, the best answer is (c) because the passage directly discusses how we are grateful for their discoveries, which have helped society.

Q3. Which of the following instances could be deduced from Albert Einstein’s quotation italicized in the first paragraph?

(a) People should not cease questioning in order to be innovative in their activities.

(b) Curiosity comes to an end when its inherent purpose for being is accomplished.

(d) All of these

(e) Only (a) and (c)

Answer: (e) Only (a) and (c)

Explanation:

Albert Einstein’s quotation from the first paragraph reads:
“The important thing is not to stop questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for existence. One cannot help but be in awe when he contemplates the mysteries of eternity, of life, of the marvellous structure of reality. It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery each day.”

Analyzing the options:

(a) People should not cease questioning in order to be innovative in their activities: This is correct because Einstein emphasizes the importance of continuous questioning as an essential part of curiosity and innovation. He says that the key is not to stop questioning, which implies that curiosity is necessary for progress and innovation.

(b) Curiosity comes to an end when its inherent purpose for being is accomplished: This is incorrect. Einstein mentions that curiosity has its own reason for existence, but he does not suggest that curiosity ends once it has served its purpose. Instead, he implies that curiosity is a lifelong process that continues to drive us to explore and learn more.

(c) It is adequate to understand a tiny proportion of a mystery each and every day: This is correct. Einstein says, “It is enough if one tries merely to comprehend a little of this mystery each day.” This suggests that it is sufficient to understand small portions of the mystery, implying the ongoing nature of curiosity and learning.

(d) All of these: Since option (b) is incorrect, this cannot be the right choice.

(e) Only (a) and (c): This is correct, as both (a) and (c) accurately reflect the essence of Einstein’s quotation, focusing on the continuous nature of questioning and the satisfaction of understanding small parts of larger mysteries over time.

Q4. Why does a curious person’s life never get monotonous as per the information provided in the given passage?

(a) Because everyone has an unquenchable need to learn new things.

(b) Because the depth and power of one’s curiosity affect one’s thoughts.

(d) Because curious people always have something fresh to learn and explore.

(e) None of these

Answer: (d) Because curious people always have something fresh to learn and explore.

Explanation:

According to the passage, “Life is never boring for a curious person. Everyone possesses curiosity to some degree although people will differ according to the depth and strength of their curiosity and their willingness to act on it. Curiosity helps your mind to be more active instead of passive. The mind is a muscle and the more exercise it gets the stronger it will become.” This clearly indicates that curious people always have something new to explore and learn, which keeps their lives interesting and dynamic. They are constantly engaged in the process of learning, which prevents their lives from becoming monotonous.

Why the other options are incorrect:

(a) Because everyone has an unquenchable need to learn new things: While curiosity often leads to a desire to learn, the passage suggests that curiosity varies among individuals, so this statement doesn’t fully reflect the message of the passage. Not everyone may have an “unquenchable need” to learn.

(b) Because the depth and power of one’s curiosity affect one’s thoughts: This is partially true, but the passage focuses more on how curiosity prevents boredom by leading to exploration and learning, not just affecting one’s thoughts.

(c) Because curiosity encourages our thoughts to be less futile: The passage does mention that curiosity keeps the mind active, but the primary reason it keeps life from being monotonous is the constant engagement in exploring new things, rather than just making thoughts “less futile.”

Q5. Which of the following statements is/are incorrect based on the information provided in the given passage?

(a) Curiosity helps the mind to be active as the more exercise it gets the stronger it will become.

(b) One of the most important factors in having a full and exciting life is curiosity.

(d) Only (a) and (c)

(e) None of these

Answer: (e) None of these

Explanation:

Checking each statement based on the information in the passage:

(a) Curiosity helps the mind to be active as the more exercise it gets the stronger it will become:
This statement is correct. The passage states: “Curiosity helps your mind to be more active instead of passive. The mind is a muscle and the more exercise it gets the stronger it will become.” This directly supports the statement in (a).

(b) One of the most important factors in having a full and exciting life is curiosity:
This statement is correct. The passage mentions that “life is never boring for a curious person” and that curiosity is key to living a fulfilling and exciting life, as it leads to continuous learning and exploration.

(c) In both academic and professional settings, curiosity is linked to excellent performance:
This statement is correct. The passage states: “Curiosity is associated with high performance in both academic and work settings.” This directly supports the statement in (c).

(d) Only (a) and (c):
Since all statements (a), (b), and (c) are correct, this option is incorrect.

(e) None of these:
Since all the statements in (a), (b), and (c) are correct, (e) is the correct answer.

Q6. Choose the most appropriate antonym of the word ‘PROGRESSIVE’, as highlighted in the given passage.

(a) Exasperate

(b) Dwindling

(d) Cumulative

(e) None of these

Answer: (b) Dwindling (सिकुड़ना)

Explanation:

The word “progressive” refers to something that is moving forward, improving, or developing over time. Therefore, the antonym would be a word that suggests something declining, decreasing, or getting smaller.

Other options:

(a) Exasperate (को गुस्से में लाना): Exasperate means to irritate or frustrate, which is unrelated to the concept of progress. It is not an antonym for “progressive.”

(b) Dwindling (सिकुड़ना): Dwindling means to decrease or diminish in size, amount, or strength, which is the opposite of progressive, which suggests growth and improvement. This is the correct antonym.

(c) Augmenting (बढ़ाना): Augmenting means increasing or growing, which is similar to progressive, not an antonym.

(d) Cumulative (संचित): Cumulative means something that increases or accumulates over time. This is more aligned with progressive and is not an antonym.

Q7. Which of the following words should replace the word ‘SATISFYING’, as highlighted in the passage to make the given sentence grammatically correct and contextually meaningful.

(a) Pleasing

(b) Exploring

(d) Mitigating

(e) No replacement required

Answer: (a) Pleasing (आनंदजनक)

Explanation:

The word “satisfying” in the passage likely refers to something that gives contentment, fulfillment, or pleasure. To replace “satisfying”, we need a word that conveys a similar meaning.

Other options:

(a) Pleasing (आनंदजनक): Pleasing means something that gives pleasure or satisfaction, which is very similar to satisfying. This word fits contextually and grammatically in the sentence, providing the intended meaning.

(b) Exploring (अन्वेषण): Exploring means to investigate or look into something, which is not contextually related to satisfying. It doesn’t fit the meaning of providing contentment or fulfillment.

(c) Impeding (रोकना): Impeding means something that hinders or delays progress. This is the opposite of satisfying, as it suggests obstruction rather than fulfillment or contentment.

(d) Mitigating (कम करना): Mitigating means to make something less severe or reduce its intensity. It doesn’t fit the context of satisfaction or contentment.

Previous Years Question SBI PO Prelims 2020 Exam Reading Comprehension Question

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words have been printed in bold to help you locate them, while answering some of the questions.

In some ways we already do every time we spend our cash we are making an active choice about the companies we support and the practices we endorse. Today, when corporations can be more influential than entire states, where we put our pounds is where the power lies. The problem is, so it is difficult to confidently make an informed choice.

Consider this: the retail manufacturing industry is the second most polluting industry on earth, second only to oil. According to Annie Leonard, an expert in overconsumption, only 1% of the materials used to produce our consumer goods are still in use six months after sale. Somewhere, the value of craftsmanship and of provenance has been lost. Price and speed are trumping value. However, the tide is turning. Increasing awareness around these issues has led to a rise in what is known as conscious consumption, a movement of people who seek out ways to make positive decisions about what to buy and look for a solution to the negative impact consumerism is having on our world.

This is a growing tribe: a third of UK consumers claim to be very concerned about issues regarding the origin of products. A study from YouGov and the Global Poverty Project revealed that 74% of those surveyed would pay an extra 5% for their clothes if there was a guarantee workers were being paid fairly and working in safe conditions. If you’re thinking that 5% doesn’t sound like a lot, consider the fact that the fashion industry could take a staggering 125 million people out of poverty by adding only 1% of its profits to workers’ wages.

Issues such as equal pay, environmentally conscious manufacturing processes, prevention of counterfeit goods, human trafficking, responsible farming practices and overproduction of goods are all at the forefront of consumers’ minds when making these choices. In an increasingly open, digital world where authenticity is the buzzword of choice, businesses must keep up with growing demands for ethical behaviour and transparency in everything from employee rights and gender discrimination to the supply chain.

In studying for my PhD, I researched product supply chain transparency in depth, looking at technologies to improve information about products and the global network of people and resources that fuel them. I believe technology is the key to dealing with the challenges created by consumerism. Open data, social networks and mobile tech can change the game. Ground breaking technologies could enable transparency in supply chains, which is why this year I have __(I)___on turning my findings into a social enterprise to empower businesses to take steps to being open.

Q1. Why businesses must keep up with growing demands of ethical behaviour and transparency?

(a) As the world of business can be opaque and supply chains are murky

(b) As the value of craftsmanship and of provenance has been lost

(d) As Customers are taking an increasing interest in the ethical practices of those from whom they buy

(e) None of these

Answer: (d) As Customers are taking an increasing interest in the ethical practices of those from whom they buy

Explanation:

The passage highlights the growing concern among consumers about the ethical practices of companies, including issues like fair wages, working conditions, and environmentally conscious manufacturing. It explicitly states that “a third of UK consumers claim to be very concerned about issues regarding the origin of products.” The demand for transparency and ethical behavior in businesses is directly driven by the increasing interest of customers in the ethical practices of companies. This is why businesses must adapt to these demands.

Q2. According to the author how can we tackle the impact of consumerism?

(a) By using technology in order to increase transparency in supply chains

(b) By repleting the resources which were otherwise depleted due to overconsumption

(d) By spending extra for the products if there was a guarantee worker were being paid fairly

(e) None of these

Answer: (a) By using technology in order to increase transparency in supply chains

Explanation:

The author clearly states in the passage, “I believe technology is the key to dealing with the challenges created by consumerism. Open data, social networks and mobile tech can change the game.” This indicates that the author believes technology, particularly through open data, social networks, and mobile tech, can address the problems caused by consumerism, especially by enabling transparency in supply chains. This would allow consumers and businesses to make more informed decisions and reduce the negative impact of consumerism.

Why other options are incorrect:

(b) By repleting the resources which were otherwise depleted due to overconsumption: The passage does not mention repleting resources as a solution to consumerism’s impact. Instead, it emphasizes transparency and technology in tackling these challenges.

(c) By increasing the lifespan of the products so as to reduce consumption: Although sustainability and reducing consumption are important, this option is not directly addressed in the passage as the main solution. The passage primarily focuses on the use of technology for transparency.

(d) By spending extra for the products if there was a guarantee workers were being paid fairly: This idea is mentioned in the passage in the context of consumers’ willingness to pay more for ethical products, but it is not the main solution suggested by the author. The author emphasizes technology as the key to tackling consumerism’s negative impact.

Q3. Which of the following word is most similar in meaning to the word “endorse” as given in the passage?

(a) Sabotage

(b) Promote

(d) Deliberate

(e) Censure

Answer: (b) Promote (प्रचार करना)

Explanation:

The word “endorse” in the context of the passage means to approve, support, or promote something, typically in an official or public manner. In this case, it refers to the act of supporting or endorsing certain practices or companies by spending money on them, as mentioned in the context of the economy and consumer decisions.

Why other options are incorrect:

(a) Sabotage (नष्ट करना): “Sabotage” means to intentionally damage or disrupt something, which is the opposite of endorse.
Example: “They tried to sabotage the company’s operations.”

(c) Veto (नकारना): “Veto” means to reject or prohibit something, which is contrary to endorse, as it involves approval rather than rejection.
Example: “The president used his veto to block the legislation.”

(d) Deliberate (विचार करना): “Deliberate” means to think carefully or consider something, but it doesn’t convey the idea of supporting or approving something, which endorse does.
Example: “The committee deliberated on the new policy before making a decision.”

(e) Censure (आलोचना करना): “Censure” means to express severe disapproval, which is the opposite of endorse.
Example: “The company was censured for its unethical practices.”

Q4. Which of the following word is most similar in meaning to the word “staggering” as given in the passage?

(a) Enfeebling

(b) Common

(d) Draining

(e) Confound

Answer: (e) Confound (हैरान करना)

Explanation:

The word “staggering” in the context of the passage refers to something that is so large, unexpected, or remarkable that it causes astonishment or amazement. “Confound” means to cause surprise or confusion, which is closely related to the sense of being overwhelmed or amazed by something, just like the word “staggering”.

Why other options are incorrect:

(a) Enfeebling (कमज़ोर करना): “Enfeebling” means to make something weak or to diminish strength, which does not align with the meaning of “staggering” in this context.
Example: “The long illness was enfeebling her strength.”

(b) Common (साधारण): “Common” refers to something ordinary or frequent, which is the opposite of “staggering,” which implies something extraordinary or remarkable.
Example: “It is common to see tourists in this area.”

(c) Mundane (निरर्थक): “Mundane” means ordinary or dull, which contradicts the sense of something being “staggering,” as “staggering” refers to something extraordinary or impressive.
Example: “His life felt mundane after the excitement of the trip.”

(d) Draining (थकाने वाला): “Draining” refers to something that exhausts energy or strength, which is not synonymous with “staggering.”
Example: “The long hike was physically draining.”

Q5. Choose the most suitable word/phrase to fill the given blank (I).

(a) Persist

(b) Sustaining

(d) Resist

(e) Embarked

Answer: (e) Embarked (प्रारंभ करना)

Explanation:

The correct answer is “Embarked”, which means to begin or start something, typically referring to a journey, project, or undertaking. In the context of the passage, the sentence is likely referring to the start of a new venture or project, and “embarked” fits perfectly in this context.

Why other options are incorrect:

(a) Persist (जारी रखना): “Persist” means to continue or endure something, but it doesn’t fit the context of starting something new, which is the focus of the blank in this sentence.
Example: “He persisted in his efforts despite the obstacles.”(b) Sustaining (संचालित करना): “Sustaining” refers to maintaining or keeping something going, but it doesn’t fit with the idea of starting a new endeavor.
Example: “She found the strength to sustain her efforts through the long months.”

(c) Ceased (रोकना): “Ceased” means to stop or come to an end, which is the opposite of starting something new. It doesn’t fit the context of the passage.
Example: “The company ceased operations after the financial crisis.”

(d) Resist (विरोध करना): “Resist” means to oppose or fight against something, which is unrelated to the idea of beginning something new.
Example: “He tried to resist the temptation of sweets.”

Q6. Which of the following statement(s) is/are corroborating the statement made by the author that “the tide is turning”?

(i) 74% of those surveyed would pay an extra 5% for their clothes if there was a guarantee that workers were paid fairly

(ii) Awareness about environmentally conscious manufacturing processes among customers while making their choices is increasing.

(iii) Every time we spend our cash, we are making an active choice about the companies we support and the practices we endorse.

(a) Both (i) & (ii)

(b) Both (i) & (iii)

(d) Only (i)

(e) None of these

Answer: (a) Both (i) & (ii)

Explanation:

The phrase “the tide is turning” in the passage refers to the growing awareness among consumers about ethical practices and the positive shift towards conscious consumption, where consumers are becoming more mindful of the impact of their purchasing decisions on the environment, workers’ rights, and overall sustainability.

Analyzing each statement:

(i) 74% of those surveyed would pay an extra 5% for their clothes if there was a guarantee that workers were paid fairly:
This statement corroborates the idea that consumers are becoming more concerned with the ethics of their purchases. The willingness to pay extra for clothes with fair wages for workers shows that consumers are increasingly prioritizing fairness and ethical practices. This directly supports the idea that the tide is turning towards conscious consumption.

(ii) Awareness about environmentally conscious manufacturing processes among customers while making their choices is increasing:
This statement also supports the “tide is turning” concept by highlighting the increasing awareness among consumers regarding environmentally conscious manufacturing. It shows that more and more people are considering the environmental impact of their purchases, further validating the shift towards responsible consumer behavior.

(iii) Every time we spend our cash, we are making an active choice about the companies we support and the practices we endorse:
While this statement reinforces the power of consumer choices, it doesn’t directly corroborate the “tide is turning” because it simply points out that spending money is a form of endorsement. The focus here is more on the act of spending rather than the growing awareness or change in consumer behavior towards ethical consumption.

Statements (i) and (ii) directly support the idea of the shift towards conscious consumption and the “tide turning” towards more responsible purchasing practices. Statement (iii), although relevant, is more about the concept of consumer choice rather than the change in consumer behavior.

Q7. Which of the following statement is true in context of the passage?

(a) The biggest problem with consumerism is the fact that people do not realize that there is a problem.

(b) Difficulty in making an informed choice is increasingly important for the conscious consumer.

(c) We are currently consuming resources at an unsustainable rate, which is causing mass environmental destruction and social problems across the world.

(d) Conscious consumption can help in taking significant number of people out of poverty.

(e) None of these

Answer: (d) Conscious consumption can help in taking a significant number of people out of poverty.

Explanation:

The passage does indeed mention the impact of consumer behavior on poverty reduction, particularly in the context of the fashion industry. Specifically, the passage states that “the fashion industry could take a staggering 125 million people out of poverty by adding only 1% of its profits to workers’ wages.” This statement directly supports the idea that conscious consumption (where consumers are mindful of fair wages and working conditions) can help improve the lives of workers, thereby potentially lifting millions out of poverty.

Why other options are incorrect:

(a) The biggest problem with consumerism is the fact that people do not realize that there is a problem: This is not the central point of the passage. The passage discusses how consumers face challenges in making informed decisions due to a lack of transparency, but it doesn’t state that the biggest problem is ignorance about consumerism.

(b) Difficulty in making an informed choice is increasingly important for the conscious consumer: While this is discussed in the passage, it is not the most directly relevant statement in the context of the conscious consumption helping people out of poverty. Option (d) captures the essence of what the passage is emphasizing regarding the positive outcomes of ethical consumption.

(c) We are currently consuming resources at an unsustainable rate, which is causing mass environmental destruction and social problems across the world: While overconsumption and sustainability are concerns mentioned in the passage, the passage does not focus specifically on mass environmental destruction or social problems as the central argument. The main focus is on conscious consumption and its benefits.

Reading Comprehension Previous Years Question SBI PO Prelims 2019 Exam

Directions: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. Certain words are printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

Once upon a time there was a shy and quiet octopus. He always went about on his own. Although he wanted to have lots of friends, he was too self-conscious. One day, the octopus was trying to catch a very slippery oyster. Before he knew it, he had tied himself into one massive knot, and he couldn’t move. He tried with all his strength to wriggle free, but it was no good. In the end, despite the great embarrassment he felt at being seen in such a tangle, he had to ask for help from the passing fish. Many fish swam past, ignoring him, but one very kind little fish offered to help untie all those tentacles from all those suckers. The octopus felt heartily relieved when he was finally set free, but he was so shy that he didn’t dare talk to the fish and make friends with him. He simply thanked the fish and quickly swam off. Later, the octopus spent the whole night thinking that he had wasted a great opportunity to make friends with that very kind little fish. A couple of days later, the octopus was resting between some rocks when he noticed that everyone around him was hurriedly swimming past. He looked into the distance and saw an enormous fish coming over to feed in that area. The octopus quickly hid. Then, peeping an eye out from his hiding place, he saw that the huge fish was chasing the kind little fish who had untied him. That little fish really needed urgent help, but the big fish looked so dangerous that no one dared to go near. The octopus, remembering how the little fish had helped him, felt that he had to do whatever he could to come to his aid. Without hesitating, the octopus shot out from the rocks like a ray. He put himself right in the path of the giant fish and before the fish could do anything about it, the octopus had shot out the biggest jet of ink of his life. He grabbed the little fish and swam off and hid in the rocks. Everything happened so fast that the big fish had no time to react. However, he soon recovered from the surprise. Off he went to the rocks, looking for the octopus and the little fish. Now, he really wanted to gobble them down. Soon, though, he began feeling a terrible itch. First in his gills, and then in his fins, and then all over his body. It turned out that this giant fish had a very sensitive skin and the octopus’s dark ink had given him a terrible allergy. So, the big fish swam away, irritated all over.

As soon as he was gone, all the fish which had been hiding came and congratulated the octopus for being so brave. Then, the little fish told them all how he had helped the octopus a few days earlier, but he had never known anyone to end up doing something so dangerous. Hearing this, the other fish discovered how nice the shy octopus was and everyone around was keen to be friends with such a brave and honorable octopus.

Question 1. How did the octopus save the little fish?

By asking the little fish to hide before the big fish could see him

By putting himself between the big fish and the little fish and shooting a jet of ink at the big fish

By shooting a jet of ink at the big fish and thus managing to kill it

By calling out for help from all the other fishes and carrying the little fish to safe place

By offering his life to the big fish instead of the life of the little fish

Answer: By putting himself between the big fish and the little fish and shooting a jet of ink at the big fish

Explanation:

The passage clearly states that when the octopus noticed the big fish chasing the little fish, he “put himself right in the path of the giant fish” and then shot “the biggest jet of ink of his life.” This action confused the big fish, allowing the octopus to grab the little fish and swim off to safety. Thus, the correct answer is that the octopus saved the little fish by putting himself between the big fish and the little fish and using his ink to defend them.

The other options do not align with the actions described in the passage. The octopus did not ask the little fish to hide or offer his life to the big fish, nor did he kill the big fish or ask for help from other fishes. He used his own bravery and resources (ink) to protect the little fish.

So, the correct answer is: By putting himself between the big fish and the little fish and shooting a jet of ink at the big fish.

2. Why did the octopus have to ask for help from the passing fish?

He was bored of swimming alone and thus asked the fish to accompany him.

He desperately needed to make friends and thus needed the fish to help him.

Someone had tied him up in a knot and he could not get himself untied.

He needed help in order to escape from the big fish that had come to eat him.

He had gotten himself tied up in a knot in trying to catch an oyster

Answer: He had gotten himself tied up in a knot in trying to catch an oyster.

Explanation:

The passage explains that the octopus “had tied himself into one massive knot” while trying to catch a slippery oyster. He could not move and needed help from the passing fish to untangle himself. This is the reason why he asked for help from the passing fish.

The other options are incorrect as they do not relate to the octopus’s actual predicament. He was not bored, desperate to make friends, or trying to escape from a big fish. His main issue was getting tangled in the knot while trying to catch the oyster, which is why he needed help.

So, the correct answer is: He had gotten himself tied up in a knot in trying to catch an oyster.

3. ‘The octopus, remembering how the little fish had helped him, felt that he had to do whatever he could to come to his aid.’ Which feeling of the octopus towards the little fish does this line signify?

Revenge

Suspicion

Gratitude

Compassion

Repentance

Answer: Gratitude

Explanation:

In the passage, the octopus remembers how the little fish had helped him when he was tangled in a knot. This feeling of remembering the little fish’s help and wanting to return the favor shows gratitude. The octopus felt thankful for the little fish’s help and wanted to reciprocate that kindness by helping the little fish when he was in danger.

Other Options:

Revenge and Suspicion are not applicable because the octopus is not seeking to harm the little fish nor does he feel distrust.
Compassion is close, but the primary feeling described in the sentence is gratitude because the octopus specifically wants to repay the help he received.
Repentance would suggest the octopus is feeling guilty, which is not the case here.

So, the correct answer is: Gratitude.

4. Why did all the fish congratulate the octopus?

He had bravely saved the little fish from being eaten by the big fish.

He had successfully gotten himself untied all by himself.

He had managed to kill the big fish all alone and thus saved the lives of all the other fish.

He had finally managed to make a large number of friends in the ocean.

He had saved the little fish from the clutches of the oyster.

Answer: He had bravely saved the little fish from being eaten by the big fish.

Explanation:

The passage explains that after the octopus saved the little fish by putting himself in the path of the big fish, shooting ink at it, and rescuing the little fish, all the fish who had been hiding came out and congratulated the octopus for his bravery. This action was what earned the octopus their praise and admiration.

The other options do not match the situation described in the passage. The octopus did not untie himself or kill the big fish, nor did he save the little fish from an oyster. The reason for the fish congratulating him was his bravery in saving the little fish from the big fish’s attack.

So, the correct answer is: He had bravely saved the little fish from being eaten by the big fish.

5. Which of the following can be the most appropriate title for the passage/story?

The Brave but Shy Octopus

The Tiniest Fish

The Fishes of the Ocean

The Big Hungry Fish

The Dumb Octopus

Answer: The Brave but Shy Octopus

Explanation:

The story centers around an octopus who is initially very shy and self-conscious, but later becomes brave when he saves the little fish from the big fish. Despite his shyness, he takes a brave and selfless action to help the little fish, which makes “The Brave but Shy Octopus” the most appropriate title.

The Tiniest Fish and The Fishes of the Ocean focus more on the little fish and other fish in the ocean, but the story revolves around the octopus’s journey of overcoming his shyness and becoming brave.

The Big Hungry Fish focuses on the antagonist (the big fish), but the main theme of the story is about the octopus’s transformation.
The Dumb Octopus is not appropriate, as the octopus is shown to be thoughtful, brave, and kind, not dumb.

So, the correct answer is: The Brave but Shy Octopus.

6. Why did the big fish swim away?

He got scared looking at the huge octopus and decided not to attack the little fish.

He was driven away by the other fishes.

He was unable to locate the octopus and the fish.

He got a terrible itch all over his body from the octopus’ ink.

He decided that he would not be able to handle both the octopus and the fish together.

Answer: He got a terrible itch all over his body from the octopus’ ink.

Explanation:

In the passage, the big fish gets a terrible itch all over his body after the octopus shoots out a jet of ink at him. This is because the big fish has very sensitive skin, and the octopus’s ink caused him to have an allergy. As a result, the big fish swam away, irritated and unable to continue the chase.

Reasoning:

Scared or driven away by other fish: The passage doesn’t suggest the big fish was scared or driven away by other fish.
Unable to locate the octopus and the fish: The big fish knew where the octopus and the little fish were hiding, but he was distracted by the itch caused by the ink.
Decided not to handle both: This option is not mentioned in the passage. The big fish swims away because of the reaction to the ink, not because of a decision.

So, the correct answer is: He got a terrible itch all over his body from the octopus’ ink.

7. Which of the following is the most similar in meaning to the given word – MASSIVE

Big

Heavy

Thin

Frail

Plenty

Answer: Big

Explanation:

The word “massive” means something that is very large, heavy, or substantial in size. Therefore, “Big” is the most similar in meaning because both refer to something large in size.

Other Options:

Heavy: While “massive” can imply heaviness, it primarily refers to size and mass, not necessarily weight.
Thin and Frail: These are antonyms of “massive” as they imply something delicate or small in size.
Plenty: Refers to abundance, which is not directly related to size or mass.

So, the correct answer is: Big.

8. Which of the following is the most similar in meaning to the given word – REACT

Emote

Respond

Replay

Look

Answer

Answer: Respond

Explanation:

The word “react” means to respond to something, typically as a reaction or response to an action or situation. The word “respond” is the most similar in meaning to “react,” as it also refers to giving a reply or an answer to a stimulus.

Other options.

Emote: Refers to expressing emotions, which is different from “react,” which involves a response to an action or event.
Replay: Refers to playing something again, which is not synonymous with “react.”
Look: Refers to observing something, which is not related to responding or reacting.
Answer: While “answer” can be related to a response, “respond” is a more direct synonym for “react,” especially in contexts where action or reaction is involved.

So, the correct answer is: Respond.

9. Which of the following is the most opposite in meaning to the given word – HURRIEDLY

Sickly

Fast

Quickly

Palely

Leisurely

Answer: Leisurely

Explanation:

The word “hurriedly” means doing something in a rushed or fast manner, often without taking time to think or do things carefully. The opposite of this would be “leisurely,” which means doing something slowly, with plenty of time, and without rushing.

Reasoning:

Sickly: Refers to being weak or unwell, not related to the speed of an action.
Fast and Quickly: These are synonyms of “hurriedly,” meaning done in a short time or with speed, so they are not opposites.
Palely: Refers to something pale in color, not related to speed.

Thus, the correct answer is: Leisurely.

10. Which of the following is the most opposite in meaning to the given word – SHY

Healthy

Timid

Happy

Polite

Bold

Answer: Bold

Explanation:

The word “shy” refers to a person who is reserved, bashful, or unwilling to engage in social situations. The opposite of this would be “bold,” which describes a person who is confident, daring, and willing to take risks.

Reasoning:

Healthy: Refers to being in good physical condition, which is unrelated to the emotional or social characteristics of being shy.
Timid: This is a synonym of “shy,” meaning fearful or lacking in confidence.
Happy: Refers to being in a positive emotional state, which doesn’t directly oppose being shy.
Polite: Refers to being courteous or respectful, which is not the opposite of being shy.

Thus, the correct answer is: Bold.

Reading Comprehension Previous Years Question SBI PO 2018 Prelims Exam

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words are given in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

Have you heard that the economy is like a car? It’s the most popular analogy in financial reporting and political discourse. The American people are repeatedly told by financial pundits and politicians that consumption is an ‘engine’ that ‘drives’ economic growth because it makes up 70% of GDP. One notable Nobel-winning economics pundit with a penchant for bizarre growth theories even recently noted that an economy can be ‘based on purchases of yachts, luxury cars, and the services of personal trainers and celebrity chefs.’ Conversely, other economists including Nobel-winner Joseph Stiglitz claim that our economy is stuck in ‘first gear’ due to inequality: too much income is concentrated among too few rich people who tend to save larger share of their income and thus have a lower ‘marginal propensity to consume’. The Keynesian message is clear: if you want to put the economic pedal to the metal, get out there and consume!

Not so fast, Speed Racer. The systematic failure by Keynesian economists and pundits to distinguish between consuming and producing value is the single most damaging fallacy in popular economic thinking. If the economy were a car, consumer preferences would surely be the steering wheel, but real savings and investment would be the engine that drives it forward.

Economic growth (booms) and declines (bust) have always been led by changes in business and durable goods investment, while final consumer goods spending has been relatively stable through the business cycle. Booms and busts in financial markets, heavy industry and housing have always been leading indicators of recession and recovery.

As John Stuart Mill put it two centuries ago, ‘the demand for commodities is not the demand for labor.’ Consumer demand does not necessarily translate into increased employment. That’s because ‘consumers’ don’t employ people. Businesses do. Since new hires are a risky and costly investment with unknown future returns, employers must rely on their expectations about the future and weigh those decision very carefully. As economic historian Robert Higgs’ pioneering work on the Great Depression suggests, increased uncertainty can depress job growth even in the face of booming consumption. As recent years have demonstrated, consumer demand that appears to be driven by temporary or unsustainable policies is unlikely to induce businesses to hire.

Q1. Choose the word which is MOST SMILAR to the word given in passage

UNKNOWN

(a) Recognize

(b) Perceived

(d) Unruly

(e) Uncanny

Answer: (e) Uncanny (अजीब)

Explanation:

Upon reviewing the passage again and understanding the context, the word “unknown” in the passage refers to something that is not known or familiar. The closest match for “unknown” in the given options is “uncanny”, although it primarily means something strange or mysterious. However, in the context of the passage, “uncanny” is the most fitting synonym because it conveys a sense of the unfamiliar or not easily explained.

Why the other options are incorrect:

Recognize (पहचानना): “Recognize” means to identify something that is already known, which is opposite to “unknown”.
Example: “I recognized her from the party last night.”
Perceived (अनुभूत): “Perceived” means something that is sensed or seen, often based on observation, which doesn’t align with “unknown”.
Example: “His actions were perceived as rude.”
Unpredictable (अनिश्चित): While “unpredictable” also relates to the unknown, it is not listed as one of the options in this question. “Unpredictable” would be a strong alternative to “unknown” in other contexts.
Unruly (अव्यवस्थित): “Unruly” refers to something difficult to control or manage, which is unrelated to “unknown.”
Example: “The children were acting unruly at the party.”

Q2. Which of the following is the most suitable title for the passage above?

(a) Recession and Recovery

(b) Consumer: The driving force for Economy

(d) Is Consumption necessary for economic Growth?

(e) None of the Above

Answer: (d) Is Consumption necessary for economic Growth?

Explanation:

The passage discusses various aspects of economic growth, especially focusing on the role of consumption and its effects. It critiques the overemphasis on consumption as the sole driver of economic growth and highlights the importance of other factors like investment and real savings. The passage also mentions economists who argue that growth cannot solely be driven by consumer demand and that real savings and investment are essential for sustainable growth.

Why the other options are incorrect:

(a) Recession and Recovery: While the passage mentions economic booms and busts, the primary focus is not directly on recession and recovery, but rather on how consumption impacts economic growth.

(b) Consumer: The driving force for Economy: This is incorrect because the passage critiques the idea that consumer demand alone drives the economy. The passage emphasizes the importance of production and investment, not just consumption.

(c) Economy: a Distant Dream?: This title doesn’t align with the passage’s focus, which is more about the role of consumption in economic growth, not about whether the economy is a “distant dream.”

Q3. In the statement “consumer preferences would surely be the steering wheel, but real savings and investment would be the engine that drives it forward”, what can we infer from the line “consumer preferences would surely be the steering wheel”?

(a) Consumer likings regulate the economy individually.

(b) If you want to regulate the economy, consumption is the only force.

(d) The consumer preferences are not at par with savings and economy in driving the economy.

(e) None of the Above Bottom of Form

Answer: (d) The consumer preferences are not at par with savings and economy in driving the economy.

Explanation:

In the passage, the phrase “consumer preferences would surely be the steering wheel” is a metaphor. The steering wheel of a car helps guide the direction of the car, but it doesn’t provide the power or momentum to move the car forward. In the same way, consumer preferences guide the economy by influencing demand and decisions, but they do not have the same impact on economic growth as real savings and investment, which are described as the engine that actually drives the economy forward.

Other options:

(a) Consumer likings regulate the economy individually: This is not accurate because the passage does not imply that consumer preferences individually regulate the economy; rather, it shows that while consumer preferences are important, they are not enough to drive the economy by themselves.

(b) If you want to regulate the economy, consumption is the only force: This is directly contradicted by the passage, as it discusses the importance of real savings and investment alongside consumption.

(c) The Penchant of the consumers controls the economy: Penchant means a strong liking or preference, but it doesn’t align with the point the passage is making, which is that consumer preferences guide but do not control the economy.

Q4. Which of the following statements is/are correct in context with the passage?

(a) Economists fail to distinguish between consuming and producing value and form a mistaken belief.

(b) Economic growth and declines have always been led by changes in business and durable goods investment.

(d) Only (a)

(e) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (e) Both (a) and (b)

Analysing each statement:

(a) Economists fail to distinguish between consuming and producing value and form a mistaken belief.
This statement is correct according to the passage. The author criticizes Keynesian economists and pundits for failing to distinguish between consuming and producing value. The passage argues that consumption alone cannot drive the economy; real savings and investment (which produce value) are essential for growth.

(b) Economic growth and declines have always been led by changes in business and durable goods investment.
This statement is also correct. The passage clearly states that economic growth (booms) and declines (busts) are primarily driven by changes in business and durable goods investment, rather than consumer spending on final goods.

(c) Income distribution is evenly distributed among the rich and is compatible with the tendency to consume.
This statement is incorrect. The passage actually states that income is concentrated among the rich, who tend to save a larger portion of their income and have a lower marginal propensity to consume. Therefore, this inequality in income distribution does not encourage widespread consumption, contrary to the statement.

So, the answer is Both (a) and (b)

These two options are the correct ones because they align with the core arguments in the passage. Statement (a) addresses the criticism of economists’ failure to differentiate between consuming and producing value, and statement (b) correctly mentions the role of business and durable goods investment in driving economic growth and recessions.

Q5. Which of the following is/are likely to induce businesses to hire?

(a) Consumer Demand

(b) Consumer Spending

(d) Makeshift policies

(e) Both (b) and (c)

Answer: (c) Increased certainty in future returns.

Explanation:

The passage clearly mentions that “increased uncertainty can depress job growth even in the face of booming consumption.” This implies that certainty about future returns is what is truly needed for businesses to hire more employees, not just consumer demand or spending.

Analysing each option:

(a) Consumer Demand: While consumer demand can influence the economy, the passage clearly states that consumer demand does not necessarily translate into businesses hiring. Therefore, consumer demand alone is not sufficient to induce businesses to hire.

(b) Consumer Spending: Similar to consumer demand, consumer spending is important for the economy but doesn’t guarantee that businesses will hire new employees. The passage emphasizes that businesses need more than just spending to hire.

(c) Increased certainty in future returns: This is correct. The passage explicitly states that increased certainty about the future encourages businesses to make long-term decisions, including hiring new employees. If businesses are unsure about the future, they are less likely to invest in new hires. The certainty of future returns helps reduce risk and makes businesses more confident in hiring.

(d) Makeshift policies: The passage mentions that temporary or unsustainable policies are unlikely to induce businesses to hire. So, this option is incorrect.

(e) Both (b) and (c): Although consumer spending can play a role, the key factor emphasized in the passage is certainty in future returns, not just consumer spending. Therefore, (c) alone is the correct choice.

Q6. Choose the word which is MOST OPPOSITE to the word given in passage

ANALOGY

(a) Similarity

(b) narrative

(d) Reciprocate

(e) Variance

Answer: (c) Contrast (विरोध)

Explanation:

The word “analogy” refers to a similarity or comparison between two things, often used to highlight common characteristics or relationships. To find the opposite, we need a word that signifies the lack of similarity or a difference, which contrast effectively conveys.

Other options:

(a) Similarity (समानता): This is the direct synonym of analogy, not the opposite. It refers to things being alike or comparable, which is exactly what analogy is about.

(b) Narrative (कहानी): A narrative is a story or account of events. While it may involve comparisons or analogies, it doesn’t represent the opposite of analogy.

(d) Reciprocate (प्रतिक्रिया देना): Reciprocate means to respond in kind or return a favor, which doesn’t fit as an opposite of analogy.

(e) Variance (विविधता): Variance means a difference or deviation, but it’s not as direct an opposite of analogy as contrast. Contrast explicitly highlights the difference between two things in a more direct sense.

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